Antes que nada pedir perdon por mi ignorancia pero no me voy a quedar con las ganas de preguntar jeje. En un grupo de facebook aparece esta informacion... Que significa synonyme? que es la misma? He traducido con google y con lo que yo se de ingles pero lo cierto es que tiene un lenguaje con el que no me aclaro. Si alguien sabe a que se refieren lo agradeceria...
Austrolebias bellottii "Villa Soriano"
Synonyme: Austrolebias apaii
García et al. 2012 Journal of Biogeography. Volume 39, Issue 9, pages 1707–1719, September 2012
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/.../abstract...
Abstract
Aim To elucidate the role of vicariance versus dispersal at the microevolutionary scale in annual killifish populations belonging to the Austrolebias bellottii species complex (Rivulidae). Within this complex, A. bellottii and A. apaii have low vagility and occur widely within the study area, making them excellent models for testing biogeographic hypotheses of differentiation.
Location South America, in the Paraná–Uruguay–La Plata river basin.
Methods Molecular data and morphometric analyses were used to reconstruct the phylogeographic history and morphological variation of 24 populations of two taxa of the A. bellottii species complex. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) model-based methods, estimates of clade divergence times implemented in beast, non-metric multidimensional scaling, analysis of molecular variance results, and morphological analyses elucidated the role of vicariance versus dispersal hypotheses in population differentiation in the aforementioned river basin.
Results In the A. bellottii species complex from the Paraná–Uruguay–La Plata river basin, past allopatric fragmentation from vicariance events seems to be the most plausible scenario for diversification since the Late Miocene and more recently since the Plio-Pleistocene. The Plio-Pleistocene vicariance produced the differentiation of three major clades in A. bellottii populations. One clade from the eastern Uruguay River drainage was separated from another in western Uruguay and the Paraná–La Plata River drainages. A later vicariance event split populations to the south (lower Paraná–La Plata Basin) and north (middle Paraná) of the western Paraná River drainage. However, our results do not exclude the possibility of dispersal events among A. bellottii populations from both the Uruguay and Paraná river drainages, which could occur in these river basins during hypothesized connectivity cycles of the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene.
Main conclusions Past allopatric fragmentation caused by different vicariance events seems to be the main driver of diversification in the A. bellottii species complex since the Plio-Pleistocene. However, the current molecular data suggest that populations from both drainages of the Paraná–Uruguay rivers may have experienced cycles of connectivity during the Pleistocene, perhaps including multiple vicariance or dispersal events from populations located in the western lower Uruguay River drainage, which encompassed climatic and geological changes in the Paraná–Uruguay–La Plata Basin.
new species:
Austrolebias apaii Costa, Laurino, Recuero & Salvia, 2006
remarks:
Austrolebias apaii is included in the Austrolebias bellottii species group together with:
Austrolebias melanoorus , A. univentripinnis, A. bellottii, A. vandenbergi, A. arachan and A. viarius.
In the introduction to this Austrolebias bellottii species group Costa, probably erroneously, also assigns A. charrua, A. minuano, A. adloffi, A. nigrofasciatus, A. nachtigalli sp.nov. and A. salviai sp.nov. to this group, which later are treated as members of the Austrolebias adloffi species group.
type locality:
Uruguay, Colonia, Carmelo (34°00.31’S 58º17.00’W); Holotype: MUNHINA 3216
distribution in Argentina:
Província de Entre Ríos, La Salamanca, Concepción del Uruguay (additional non-type material: MLP 8306)
published in:
Costa, W.J.E.M. (2006):
The South American annual killifish genus Austrolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, descriptive morphology and taxonomic revision.
Zootaxa 1213: 1-162
abstract (from publication):
The annual fish genus Austrolebias is redefined to include species previously placed in Megalebias, and is revised based on characters of osteology, external morphology, the latero-sensory system and color patterns. Monophyly of Austrolebias is supported by the absence of scales between the corner of the mouth and anterior portion of the preopercular region and ventral portion of the opercular region, a deep urohyal, presence of a dark gray supraorbital spot, dorsal and anal fins rounded in males, a long urogenital papilla in males, and reduced ventral process of the angulo-articular. Thirty-eight species are recognized as valid: A. cinereus, A. robustus, A. nonoiuliensis, and A. bellottii, from the lower de La Plata River basin and adjacent areas; A. varzeae, A. melanoorus, A. apaii Costa, Laurino, Recuero & Salvia, new species, A. alexandri, A. ibicuiensis, A. affinis, A. duraznensis, and A. periodicus, from the Uruguay River basin; A. nigripinnis and A. elongatus n. comb., from both the lower de La Plata and Uruguay river basins; A. viarius, A. univentripinnis, A. charrua, A. minuano, A. adloffi, A. nigrofasciatus, A. nachtigalli Costa & Cheffe, new species, A. salviai Costa, Litz & Laurino, new species, A. luteoflammulatus, A. gymnoventris, A. jaegari, A. cheradophilus n. comb., A. wolterstorffi n. comb., and A. prognathus n. comb., A. cyaneus, and A. litzi new species, from the dos Patos lagoon system and adjacent areas to the south; A. vazferreirai, A. arachan, and A. juanlangi Costa, Cheffe, Salvia & Litz, new species, from both the dos Patos lagoon system and Uruguay River basin; A. paranaensis, new species, A. vandenbergi, A. monstrosus n. comb., A. patriciae, from the Paraguay and middle Paraná river basins; and, A. carvalhoi, from the rio Iguaçu basin. A key to the identification of species is provided. A phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphology for species of Austrolebias is compared to a recent hypothesis based on molecular data, demonstrating partial or full congruence between the two sets of characters.
distribution (from publication):
Río Uruguay floodplains, Uruguay and Argentina
